The Effect of Macroeconomics and Access to Health Service on Stunting in Indonesia
Article Sidebar
-
stunting, macroeconomics, access to health services, makroekonomi, akses pelayanan kesehatan
Abstract
Background: The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia is still above the World Health Organization standard. This study aims to analyze the effect of economic growth, income inequality, the Human Development Index (HDI), poverty, government spending on the health sector, and access to health services on the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia.
Methods: The random effect technique is utilized to estimate the role of macroeconomic variables and access to health services on stunting in 34 provinces in Indonesia.
Results: Economic growth has a positive effect on stunting, HDI and access to health services has a negative effect on stunting. Income inequality, poverty, and government spending on the health sector has no effect on stunting.
Conclusion: Economic growth has a positive effect on stunting because the growth of income is not evenly distributed and income increases are not spent on nutrition. Increasing inclusive economic development and policies that lead to stunting reduction, especially in provinces with high stunting rates are very much needed. HDI and better access to health services are proven to lower stunting. Some policy recommendations are improving access to health services and making sure that the services can reach all pregnant women. Optimizing nutrition services, consultations, and education for pregnant women through health service centers are very much needed.
Abstrak
Latar belakang: Prevalensi stunting di Indonesia masih di atas standar yang ditetapkan World Health Organization (WHO). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, ketimpangan pendapatan, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM), kemiskinan, pengeluaran pemerintah sektor kesehatan, dan akses pelayanan kesehatan terhadap prevalensi stunting di Indonesia.
Metode: Teknik random effect digunakan untuk mengestimasi pengaruh variabel makroekonomi dan akses pada pelayanan kesehatan terhadap stunting di 34 provinsi di Indonesia.
Hasil: Pertumbuhan ekonomi berpengaruh positif terhadap stunting, IPM dan akses pelayanan kesehatan berpengaruh negatif terhadap stunting, ketimpangan pendapatan, kemiskinan, dan pengeluaran pemerintah sektor kesehatan tidak berpengaruh terhadap stunting.
Kesimpulan: Pertumbuhan ekonomi berpengaruh positif terhadap stunting karena pertumbuhan pendapatan tidak merata dan peningkatan pendapatan tidak dibelanjakan untuk gizi. Peningkatan pembangunan ekonomi yang inklusif dan kebijakan yang mengarah pada pengurangan stunting terutama di provinsi dengan angka stunting yang tinggi sangat diperlukan. IPM dan akses pelayanan kesehatan yang lebih baik terbukti menurunkan prevalensi stunting. Beberapa rekomendasi kebijakan adalah meningkatkan akses terhadap layanan kesehatan dan memastikan bahwa layanan tersebut menjangkau seluruh ibu hamil. Optimalisasi pelayanan gizi, konsultasi, dan edukasi ibu hamil melalui puskesmas sangat diperlukan
Full text article
References
Kementrian Kesehatan RI. Data dan Informasi Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2019.
Ekholuenetale M, Barrow A, Ekholuenetale CE, Tudeme G. Impact of stunting on early childhood cognitive development in Benin: evidence from Demographic and Health Survey. Egypt Pediatr Assoc Gaz. 2020;68(1).
Renyoet BS, Martianto D, Sukandar D. Potensi Kerugian Ekonomi Karena Stunting Pada Balita Di Indonesia Tahun 2013. J Gizi dan Pangan. 2016;11(3):247–54.
McGovern ME, Krishna A, Aguayo VM, Subramanian S V. A review of the evidence linking child stunting to economic outcomes. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46(4):1171–91.
Ahsan A, Bella A, Kusuma D, Thabrany H, Ariany R, Fattah R, et al. Pengantar Ekonomi Kesehatan. Seri Ekono. Jakarta: PPJK Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2022. 98 p.
Vollmer S, Harttgen K, Subramanyam MA, Finlay J, Klasen S, Subramanian S V. Association between economic growth and early childhood undernutrition: Evidence from 121 Demographic and Health Surveys from 36 low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2014;2(4):e225–34. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70025-7
Sari DDP, Sukanto S, Marwa T, Bashir A. The Causality between Economic Growth, Poverty, and Stunting: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. J Perspekt Pembiayaan dan Pembang Drh. 2020;8(1):13–30.
Mary S. How much does economic growth contribute to child stunting reductions? Economies. 2018;6(4).
Rashad AS, Sharaf MF. Economic Growth and Child Malnutrition in Egypt: New Evidence from National Demographic and Health Survey. Soc Indic Res. 2016;135(2):769–95.
Larrea C, Kawachi I. Does economic inequality affect child malnutrition? The case of Ecuador. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60(1):165–78.
Ssentongo P, Ssentongo AE, Ba DM, Ericson JE, Na M, Gao X, et al. Global, regional and national epidemiology and prevalence of child stunting, wasting and underweight in low- and middleincome countries, 2006–2018. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2021;11(1):1–13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84302-w
Jose S. Economic Growth, Poverty and Malnutrition in India. Ekon Yaklasim. 2016;27(99):165.
Biadgilign S, Ayenew HY, Shumetie A, Chitekwe S, Tolla A, Haile D, et al. Good governance, public health expenditures, urbanization and child undernutrition Nexus in Ethiopia: An ecological analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):1–10.
Aoun N, Matsuda H, Sekiyama M. Geographical accessibility to healthcare and malnutrition in Rwanda. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2015;130:135–45. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.004
Rode S. Child Malnutrition and Low Access to Health Care Facilities in Mumbai Metropolitan Region. Glob J Sci Front Res [Internet]. 2015;15(2):49–59. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277589778%0D
Harttgen K, Klasen S, Vollmer S. Economic growth and child undernutrition in sub-sahara Africa. Popul Dev Rev. 2013;39(3):397–412.
Biadgilign S, Shumetie A, Yesigat H. Does economic growth reduce childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia? PLoS One. 2016;11(8):1–14.
Hajebi E, Razmi MJ. Effect of Income Inequality on Health Status in a Selection of Middle and Low Income Countries. Equilibrium. 2014;9(4):133–52.
UNICEF, WHO, World Bank. Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition. 2017th ed. UNICEF, WHO, World Bank. Washington DC; 2017. 1–15 p.
Bradley EH, Elkins BR, Herrin J, Elbel B. Health and social services expenditures : associations with health outcomes. 2011;(March).
Mongan JJS. Pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah bidang pendidikan dan kesehatan terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Indonesia. J Perbendaharaan, Keuang Negara, dan Kebijak Publik. 2019;4:163–76.
Levesque J., Harris MF, Russell G. Patient-centred access to health care: conceptualising access at the interface of health systems and populations. Int J Equity Helath. 2013;12(18).
Mphumuzi S. National Income and Malnutrition in Africa : a Rapid Assessment. 2018;(89403).
Ramani A. Hubungan Indeks Pembangunana Manusia dengan Indikator Penyakit, Lingkungan dan Gizi Masyarakat. Ikesma [Internet]. 2014;10(1):13–21. Available from: https://jurnal.unej.ac.id/index.php/IKESMA/article/view/1678/1395
Kavle J, Mehanna S, Saleh G, Foaud M, Hamed D, Hassan M, et al. Examining Factors Associated with Stunting in Lower Egypt in Comparison to Upper Egypt [Internet]. Maternal and Child Health Integrated program. USAID (United States Agency International Development); 2014. 73 p.
Bokhari FAS, Gai Y, Gottret P. Government Health Expenditures ang Health Outcomes. Health Econ. 2007;273(September 2006):257–73.
Alamsyah W, Abid L, Sunaryanto A. Laporan Tren Penindakan Kasus Korupsi Tahun 2018. Indonesia Corruption Watch; 2018.
TNP2K. 100 Kabupaten/Kota Prioritas untuk Intervensi Anak Kerdil (Stunting). Jakarta Pusat: Sekretariat Wakil Presiden Republik Indonesia; 2017.
Authors
Copyright (c) 2023 Reni Eka Septiani
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.